NYSTCE English to Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) Practice Test

Which technique emphasizes the use of consequences to shape behavior in a learning environment?

1. Associative Learning

2. Operant Conditioning

3. Classical Conditioning

4. Observational Learning

The correct answer is: Operant Conditioning

The chosen answer, which emphasizes the use of consequences to shape behavior in a learning environment, is operant conditioning. This technique is grounded in the idea that behaviors can be increased or decreased through reinforcement or punishment. Positive reinforcement strengthens a behavior by providing a desirable outcome when the behavior occurs, while negative reinforcement does so by removing an undesirable consequence. On the other hand, punishment aims to reduce a behavior by introducing a negative consequence or removing a positive one. Operant conditioning is particularly relevant in educational settings, where teachers might use rewards for good behavior or academic performance to encourage students to repeat those behaviors. The systematic application of consequences helps in establishing clear expectations and promoting a structured learning environment. Associative learning, which involves forming connections between different stimuli, does not primarily rely on consequences but rather on the associations formed through repeated exposure. Classical conditioning, similar in nature, involves learning through the association of an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus, resulting in a learned response, but again does not directly involve the use of consequences as in operant conditioning. Observational learning, on the other hand, is based on the idea of learning by watching others, which does not involve direct reinforcement or punishment of one's own behavior but rather the imitation of others.