NYSTCE English to Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) Practice Test

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Which psychological theory emphasizes the impact of reinforcement and punishment on behavior?

Cognitive theory
Behaviorist theory
Humanistic theory
Constructivist theory

The correct answer is: Behaviorist theory

Behaviorist theory is the correct choice as it focuses on the principles of reinforcement and punishment and how they shape and modify behavior. This theory posits that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment, and emphasizes observable behavior rather than internal thought processes. Reinforcement can increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, while punishment can decrease the likelihood of that behavior occurring in the future. Behaviorist theorists, like B.F. Skinner, conducted experiments demonstrating how external stimuli can condition individuals to respond differently based on the consequences of their actions. This approach is widely applied in educational settings and various psychological practices, highlighting the importance of external factors in the learning and behavior modification processes.